Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological needs : Hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, air, etc. Safety needs: Freedom from threat or danger Love (social) needs: Self-respect, achievement, self-confidence, Esteem needs: Self-respect, achievement, self-confidence, reputation recognition, prestige
"Quotes from Books" :
Consumer Behavior in Travel and Tourism - Abraham Pizam, Yoel Mansfeld
- Many authors see motivation as a major determinant of the tourist's behavior, Central to most content theories of motivation is the concept of need. Needs are seen as the force that arouses motivated behavior and it is assumed that, to understand human motivation, it is necessary to discover what needs people have and how they can be fulfilled. Maslow in 1943 was the first to attempt to do this with his needs hierarchy theory, now the best known of all motivation theories.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:
Physiological needs : Hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, air, etc.
Safety needs: Freedom from threat or danger
Love (social) needs: Self-respect, achievement, self-confidence,
Esteem needs: Self-respect, achievement, self-confidence, reputation recognition, prestige
Needs for the self-actualization: Self-fulfillment, realizing one's potential
- Dann proposed seven categories of travel motivation:
1. Travel as a response to what is lacking yet desired. We live in ananomic society and this, according to Dann, fosters a need in people for social interaction that is missing from the home environment.
2. Destination pull in response to motivational push, already discussed.
3. Motivation as a fantasy.
4. Motivation as a classified purpose, such as visiting friends and relatives or study.
5. Motivational typologies
6. Motivation and tourist experiences.
7. Motivation as auto-definition and meaning, suggesting that the way tourists define their situations will provide a greater understanding of tourist motivation than simply observing their behavior.
- Schmoll (1977) built a model based on the Howard and Sheth (1969) and Nicosia (1966) models of consumer behavior. Schmoll's model was based upon the following premises:
1. The decision process and its eventual outcome are influenced by four sets of variables: customer goals, travel opportunities, communications effort, and intervening or independent variables.
2. It is possible to identify these sets of variables and their individual components.
3. The eventual decision is in fact the result of a distinct process involving several successive stages or phases. The model is composed of four fields:
Field 1: External stimuli such as trade publications
Field 2: Travel needs and desires determined by personality, socio
economic factors, attitudes, and values
Field 3: External variables such as confidence in the travel agent, destination image, previous experience, and cost and time constraints
Field 4: Destination- or service-related characteristics that have a bearing on the decision process and its outcome
= One striking conclusion has emerged from this research: Though age, income, and education have often been found to influence the amount of prepurchase information in consumer durables, seldom have they done so in the case of experience goods such as tourism. Instead, trip-specific variables such as the size of a vacationer's evoked set (i.e., the number of vacation alternatives seriously considered), amount of pretrip planning time available, distance traveled, and the frequencies of repeat visitation to a destination have proven to be far more productive in explaining the total amount of information collected and each source's subsequent degree of influence on vacation decision making.
However, the decision making consumers engage in when deciding where to spend their vacations should not be thought of as a uniform process. Deciding where to spend the family's annual vacation is a different process from deciding where to spend a weekend get-away. The degree to which the consumer is concerned for or interested in the purchase process will likely influence the amount and importance of information search.
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